The same jurors who convicted Holmes of 165 counts of murder, attempted murder and other charges in his July 20, 2012 theater attack must soon decide whether he should pay with his life. The sentencing phase of his trial begins Wednesday.
    The district attorney who prosecuted Holmes, George Brauchler, said that if any crime should be punished by death, it is this one: He opened fire on an audience of more than 400 defenseless strangers in a darkened theater during a Batman movie premiere, killing 12, wounding 58 and leaving 12 others injured in the mayhem he caused.
    But many obstacles stand between Holmes and execution.
    Death row inmates in almost every state spend decades in prison as mandatory appeals play out in court. But Colorado has adopted a unique system for death penalty appeals, requiring those sentenced to death to file post-conviction claims before a higher court reviews their case. It was supposed to speed up the process, but "it actually slowed it down exponentially," said Hollis Whitson, a Denver defense attorney who specializes in appellate law.
    Nationally, death row inmates spend an average of 15.5 years in prison before they're executed, Radelet said. It's impossible to say how Colorado compares, since the state has executed just one man since 1967 - Gary Lee Davis, who was put to death in 1997 after a 10-year wait following his convictions for kidnapping, raping and shooting a woman 14 times with a .22-caliber rifle.
    The other two - Sir Mario Owens and Robert Ray - were sentenced to death more than five years ago for the same double murder, but their appeals still haven't been heard.
    Whitson's study of capital punishment in Colorado from 1999-2010 found the vast majority of death penalty prosecutions result in life sentences, pleas to lesser offenses or acquittals. Another study, in 2013, found that only 0.6 percent of first-degree murder cases resulted in death sentences.
    "The cost of death prosecutions in Colorado is high, and the execution yield is extraordinarily low," he determined.
    Holmes' appeals could be even more complex because of his mental illness.
    Doctors testified he suffers from schizophrenia. If his mental state deteriorates while he is on death row he may never be executed, said Michael Radelet, a sociology professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who has long studied the death penalty and opposes it.
    "If he is sent to death row, we're going to need dump trucks full of money to pay the mental health experts who will continue to argue this for the next 20 years," Radelet said. "Even if Holmes is sane today, there will be inevitable questions about his sanity at the time of execution."
    Part of the issue is Colorado's uneasy relationship with the death penalty.
    The state abolished it in 1897, only to restore it in 1901, embarrassed by an outbreak of lynchings. The state's lower house voted to repeal the death penalty in 1999, but the effort stalled in the Senate. Lawmakers' attempts to eliminate it again failed in 2009 and 2013.
    "You have this odd combination here for ambivalence on the part of prosecutors and juries and a statute that permits the imposition of death in most murders," said Sam Kamin, a professor at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law who worked on the study. "In some cases it was lack of resources, in some cases it was the belief that a jury wouldn't impose it," or the victims' families didn't want it.
    Colorado's lonely death row is not necessarily for lack of support. Nonpartisan Denver pollster Floyd Ciruli says support for the death penalty in Colorado polls has generally tracked those in national ones for decades. In 2013, a Quinnipiac University Poll found 69 percent of Colorado voters backed capital punishment.